Neuroscience perspective
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortex (and the overlapping ventromedial prefrontal cortex) are brain regions involved in decision making processes. A recent neuroimaging study[1] found distinctive patterns of neural activation in these regions depending on whether decisions were made on the basis of personal volition or following directions from someone else. Patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex have difficulty making advantageous decisions.[2]
A recent study[3] involving Rhesus monkeys found that neurons in the parietal cortex not only represent the formation of a decision but also signal the degree of certainty (or "confidence") associated with the decision. Another recent study[4] found that lesions to the ACC in the macaque resulted in impaired decision making in the long run of reinforcement guided tasks suggesting that the ACC may be involved in evaluating past reinforcement information and guiding future action.
Emotion appears to aid the decision making process: Decision making often occurs in the face of uncertainty about whether one's choices will lead to benefit or harm (see also Risk). The somatic-marker hypothesis is a neurobiological theory of how decisions are made in the face of uncertain outcome. This theory holds that such decisions are aided by emotions, in the form of bodily states, that are elicited during the deliberation of future consequences and that mark different options for behavior as being advantageous or disadvantageous. This process involves an interplay between neural systems that elicit emotional/bodily states and neural systems that map these emotional/bodily states.[5]
Although it is unclear whether the studies generalize to all processing, there is evidence that volitional movements are initiated, not by the conscious decision making self, but by the subconscious. See the Neuroscience of free will.
שליטה רציונלית במחשבות
נראה שה- Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex מעורב ביכולת לשלוט במחשבות שליליות, על ידי בקרה על האמיגדלה. כאשר הוא מופעל בני אדם יכולים ללהתנתק ממחשבות שליליות ולקבל החלטות "רציונליות" (סיכום)[6].
מאמרים מסוכמים בתחום
- מאמר: A mechanistic account of value computation in the human brain
- מאמר: Causal Role of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Human Perceptual Decision Making
- מאמר: Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system
- מאמר: Structures in decision making: On the subjective geometry of hierarchies and networks
- מאמר: Value, pleasure and choice in the ventral prefrontal cortex - 2011
- מאמר:A Dynamic and Stochastic Theory of Choice, Response Time, and Confidence
יחוסים
- ↑ Interactions between decision making and performance monitoring within prefrontal cortex
- ↑ Damasio, AR (1994). Descarte's Error: Emotion, reason and the human brain. New York: Picador. ISBN 0333656563
- ↑ Roozbeh Kiani and Michael N. Shadlen, Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex
- ↑ Kennerly, et al. (2006)
- ↑ Nasir Naqvi, et al. "The Role of Emotion in Decision Making: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective", Current Directions in Psychological Science, תבנית:DOI
- ↑ Etkin et al.: "Resolving Emotional Conflict: A Role for the Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Modulating Activity in the Amygdala." Publishing in Neuron 51, 871-882, September 21, 2006. DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.029